Capillary Number: Compare Viscous Stress with Interfacial Tension
The capillary number tests a viscous-to-interface comparison. It answers a different question from an inertia-based Weber number.
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Machine Guide Library — Page 17
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Interfacial Tension and Viscosity: Separate the Emulsification Inputs
Viscosity and interfacial tension describe different resistance mechanisms. One cannot be inferred from the other.
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Machine Project Assumptions: Keep Unconfirmed Scope Visible
Keep unconfirmed machine-project assumptions visible by recording their source, affected decision, evidence needed and owner before scope is approved.
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Emulsion Creaming and Coalescence: Distinguish Migration from Droplet Growth
A separated-looking emulsion may have migrated droplets or merged droplets. Those observations suggest different mechanisms.
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Sauter Mean Diameter: Convert a Droplet Population to an Area-to-Volume Basis
Use a surface-area-to-volume size measure when interfacial area is the question. A differently weighted mean answers another question.
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Dissolution and Dispersion: Specify Whether the Solid Must Disappear
Decide whether the required endpoint is a solution or a distribution of separate particles. A smooth-looking mixture does not answer that question.
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Powder Wetting: Contact Angle Is a Surface-and-Liquid Pair
A powder-wetting statement belongs to a particular liquid–solid interaction. Retain the pair and measurement condition.
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Powder Addition Rate: Separate Local Wetting Demand from Vessel Average Concentration
Total addition time can hide a short interval in which powder arrives faster than the local wetting process can incorporate it.
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Solubility Limit and Dissolution Rate: Separate Equilibrium from Time
A solubility limit describes a possible equilibrium composition. Dissolution rate describes how quickly a process approaches a state.
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Mass-Transfer Coefficient and Driving Force: Keep Both in the Flux Model
A mass-transfer coefficient must remain attached to its driving-force definition and units. The coefficient alone does not state a transfer rate.
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Ideal CSTR and Plug Flow: Mean Residence Time Does Not Fix Exposure History
Mean residence time does not specify every fluid element’s time in a process. Keep the ideal flow model with the number.
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Batch Recirculation Turnovers: One Volume Through the Loop Is Not Every Particle
Passing one nominal batch volume through a recirculation loop does not mean every material element has passed through it once.
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Dead Volume and Hydraulic Residence: Define the Active Fluid Inventory
Use the volume participating in the selected flow model when calculating V/Q. A vessel’s total inventory may include a separate inactive region.
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Suspension Mass Fraction and Volume Fraction: Use Both Phase Densities
A solids percentage needs its denominator. Mass fraction and volume fraction can differ substantially when phase densities differ.
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Gas-Liquid Superficial Velocity: Identify the Area and Phase Flow Basis
Gas superficial velocity uses the whole flow area. It differs from the gas-phase velocity when gas occupies only part of that area.
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Lot Acceptance Is a Disposition Decision, Not Proof of a Stable Process
A sampled incoming-component lot and a continuing production process require different evidence. Identify the disposition decision before requesting a pass statement.
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Single-Sample Acceptance Counts: A Fixed Number Is Not a Defect Percentage
Read the sample size and permitted count together. A single-sample count boundary does not automatically become a percentage applied to any quantity.
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Specify Two Operating-Characteristic Points Before Choosing a Sampling Plan
A sampling-plan request needs desired acceptance behavior at defined incoming quality levels, rather than an arbitrary sample quantity alone.
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Double Sampling: The Second Decision Uses the Combined Defect Count
When a double-sampling plan calls for another sample, the final tally retains the first-stage findings. A second inspection does not restart the count.
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Multiple Sampling: Keep the Stage and Cumulative Count Together
A multiple-sampling record needs its stage number as well as the accumulated findings. The same count can fall under different stage boundaries.
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Sequential Acceptance Sampling: Inspection Quantity Is a Stopping Outcome
Sequential sampling chooses when to stop from the accumulating results. Repeatedly checking an ordinary fixed-sample rule is a different procedure.
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Skip-Lot Inspection: Preserve Qualification and Return-to-Inspection Rules
Skipping inspection of some lots requires a defined qualification history and return rule. A reduced fraction alone does not identify a complete scheme.
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An OC Curve Describes Acceptance Probability, Not a Quality Guarantee
A plan may accept some lots containing nonconforming items. Read that probability under its sampling assumptions before describing the plan as a guarantee.
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Kruskal-Wallis Comparisons: The Ranking Combines All Trial Groups
A rank-based comparison orders observations from all groups together. Independently ranking each group destroys the cross-group evidence needed by the test.
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